A new review paper supported by project SEEDS has been published in Energy & Buildings (Elsevier):
“Energy flexibility at multi-building scales: A review of the dominant factors and their uncertainties”
🔗 Read the paper

The article reviews more than 140 studies to understand how energy flexibility in buildings can help integrate renewables and enable net-zero goals. It identifies four dominant factors: occupant behaviour, building characteristics, energy systems and controls, externalities such as weather, market volatility or policy frameworks.

Uncertainties are categorised as aleatory (random variability such as weather or occupant behaviour) and epistemic (knowledge gaps such as data, modelling or building properties). The study shows how these uncertainties propagate across scales and can influence flexibility potential.

The authors propose a framework for stakeholders to better manage uncertainty, emphasising the role of probabilistic models, robust optimisation, improved data collection and aggregation of 100+ dwellings.

This work, carried out with the support of project SEEDS and other EU initiatives, contributes to building scalable and resilient energy flexibility solutions.